1. Biomolecules (Carbohydrates)

Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often with a general formula ($\text{CH}_2\text{O})_n$. They are the primary source of energy for living organisms. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides (simple sugars like glucose), disaccharides (two monosaccharides linked, like sucrose), and polysaccharides (long chains of monosaccharides, like starch and cellulose). They play crucial roles in energy storage, structural support (in plants), and cell recognition.

2. Biomolecules (Proteins And Enzymes)

Proteins are complex macromolecules made of amino acid units linked by peptide bonds. They perform a vast array of functions in living organisms, including structural support, transport, and catalysis. Amino acids have a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group ($\text{-NH}_2$), a carboxyl group ($\text{-COOH}$), a hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain (R-group). Enzymes are biological catalysts, typically proteins, that speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed. Their activity is highly specific to their substrate and can be affected by temperature, pH, and inhibitors.

3. Biomolecules (Vitamins)

Vitamins are essential organic compounds that living organisms need in small amounts to maintain proper health and function. They cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient quantities (or at all) and must be obtained from the diet. Vitamins are classified as water-soluble (e.g., Vitamin C, B vitamins) or fat-soluble (e.g., Vitamins A, D, E, K). Deficiencies in vitamins can lead to various diseases, highlighting their critical importance in human nutrition and health, relevant to public health initiatives in India.

4. Biomolecules (Nucleic Acids And Hormones)

Nucleic acids, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are macromolecules that carry genetic information. DNA stores the genetic code, while RNA plays roles in protein synthesis and gene regulation. They are polymers of nucleotides, each composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that regulate various physiological processes, acting as signaling molecules in plants and animals.